{
  "datum": "Calendar BP uses 1950. Approximate ka inputs remain rounded; see records.",
  "records": [
    {
      "id": "DHP-001",
      "label": "≥142 ka; minimum, contested",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 142000,
          "older_bp": null,
          "constraint_type": "minimum"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-001/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Sehasseh et al., *Science Advances* 7, eabi8620 (2021)",
          "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.abi8620?download=true",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-002",
      "label": "100–75 ka engraved-ochre contexts",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 75000,
          "older_bp": 100000,
          "constraint_type": "occupation span"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-002/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Henshilwood et al., ochre processing, *Science* 334 (2011)",
          "url": "https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/kip_articles/15/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Henshilwood et al., engraved ochres, *Journal of Human Evolution* 57 (2009)",
          "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19487016/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Henshilwood et al., drawing, *Nature* 562 (2018)",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0514-3",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Jacobs, Duller and Wintle, *Journal of Human Evolution* 51 (2006)",
          "url": "https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/kip_articles/2106/",
          "supports": "What was dated."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-003",
      "label": "≥51.2 ka; minimum painting age",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 51200,
          "older_bp": null,
          "constraint_type": "minimum"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-003/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Oktaviana et al., *Nature* 631 (2024)",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11269172/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "2026 primary study of Liang Metanduno on Muna Island",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09968-y",
          "supports": "Revision note."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-004",
      "label": "c. 9600–8000 BCE",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 9950,
          "older_bp": 11550,
          "constraint_type": "site span"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-004/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "DAI project overview",
          "url": "https://www.dainst.org/en/research/projects/noslug/5746",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Gresky and colleagues, *PLOS One* (2026)",
          "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358979",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "dating explanation",
          "url": "https://www.dainst.blog/the-tepe-telegrams/faq/",
          "supports": "What was dated."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-005",
      "label": "6150–6010 cal BCE; 95% interval",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 7960,
          "older_bp": 8100,
          "constraint_type": "end of feature use"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-005/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Momber et al., *Mesolithic Occupation at Bouldnor Cliff and the Submerged Prehistoric Landscapes of the Solent* (2011)",
          "url": "https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-281-1/dissemination/pdf/RR164_Mesolithic_Occupation_at_Bouldnor_Cliff.pdf",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Maritime Archaeology Trust project page",
          "url": "https://maritimearchaeologytrust.org/projects-research/bouldnor-cliff/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Historic England tree-ring and radiocarbon report",
          "url": "https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/73-2015",
          "supports": "What was dated."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-006",
      "label": "c. 65 ±5 ka; contested",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 60000,
          "older_bp": 70000,
          "constraint_type": "reported estimate"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-006/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "account of the collaboration",
          "url": "https://www.mirarr.net/stories/kakadu-site-of-australia-s-oldest-home",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Clarkson and colleagues, *Nature* (2017)",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature22968",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "plant study",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7026095/",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "grinding-stone study",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9273753/",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Williams et al., *Geoarchaeology* (2021)",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21822",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        },
        {
          "label": "Allen and O'Connell, *Archaeology in Oceania* (2025)",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.70002",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        },
        {
          "label": "later Madjedbebe publication",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9273753/",
          "supports": "Next test and care."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-007",
      "label": "23.5–21.7 ka; footprint sequence",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 21700,
          "older_bp": 23500,
          "constraint_type": "sequence span"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-007/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "2023 independent dating study",
          "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70249447",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        },
        {
          "label": "2025 paleolake study",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12175891/",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        },
        {
          "label": "2026 study",
          "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70283320",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-008",
      "label": "c. 23 ka; uncertainty not quantified here",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 23000,
          "older_bp": 23000,
          "constraint_type": "approximate"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-008/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Snir and colleagues, *PLOS One* (2015)",
          "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Nadel, Carmi and Segal, *Journal of Archaeological Science* (1995)",
          "url": "https://cris.haifa.ac.il/en/publications/radiocarbon-dating-of-ohalo-ii-archaeological-and-methodological-/",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-009",
      "label": "≥c. 7 ka only if pre-inundation",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 7000,
          "older_bp": null,
          "constraint_type": "conditional minimum"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-009/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "2020 project paper",
          "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233912",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Larcombe, Ross and Fandry, *Geomorphology* (2025)",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X2400446X",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        },
        {
          "label": "responded in *Geomorphology* (2026)",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X25004635",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-010",
      "label": "6.8–10.4 ka proposed landscape events",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 6800,
          "older_bp": 10400,
          "constraint_type": "landscape referents"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-010/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "2024 study coauthored by the Ngarrindjeri Aboriginal Corporation and Ngarrindjeri scholar Christopher Wilson",
          "url": "https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/items/06866be7-0e4c-4a67-986d-0fb7a9033820",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-011",
      "label": "14,220–13,980 cal BP algae; competing 8.2–4.2 ka deposits",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 13980,
          "older_bp": 14220,
          "constraint_type": "algae samples"
        },
        {
          "younger_bp": 4200,
          "older_bp": 8200,
          "constraint_type": "challenged depositional context"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-011/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Dillehay et al., *Science* (2008)",
          "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467586/",
          "supports": "Observation."
        },
        {
          "label": "Surovell et al., *Science* (2026)",
          "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70279099",
          "supports": "Chronological dispute."
        },
        {
          "label": "Dillehay et al., response (2026)",
          "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2026.2699017",
          "supports": "Chronological dispute."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-012",
      "label": "20–19 ka cal BP; contested in detail",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 19000,
          "older_bp": 20000,
          "constraint_type": "associated contexts"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-012/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Wu et al., *Science* (2012)",
          "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22745428/",
          "supports": "Observation."
        },
        {
          "label": "Cohen and colleagues, archaeological reassessment (2017)",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216306577",
          "supports": "Observation."
        },
        {
          "label": "comparative radiocarbon analysis",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216302567",
          "supports": "Dated material and dispute."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-013",
      "label": "78.3 ±4.1 ka; modeled sequence",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 74200,
          "older_bp": 82400,
          "constraint_type": "reported uncertainty"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-013/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Martínón-Torres et al., *Nature* (2021)",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03457-8.pdf",
          "supports": "Observation."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-014",
      "label": "320–295 ka; site contexts",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 295000,
          "older_bp": 320000,
          "constraint_type": "site span"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-014/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Brooks et al., *Science* (2018)",
          "url": "https://profiles.si.edu/display/sro_146005",
          "supports": "Observation."
        }
      ]
    },
    {
      "id": "DHP-015",
      "label": "c. 45 ka; uncertainty not quantified here",
      "ranges": [
        {
          "younger_bp": 45000,
          "older_bp": 45000,
          "constraint_type": "approximate"
        }
      ],
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-015/",
      "sources": [
        {
          "label": "Fu et al., *Nature* (2014)",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4753769/",
          "supports": "Observation and dating."
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}