{
  "schema_version": "1.0",
  "revision": "2026-11-07-v4",
  "limitations": "Summary chains, not specimen-level database. No numerical confidence estimates.",
  "records": [
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-001",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-001/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-001:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "A cave in the Essaouira region of Atlantic Morocco, approximately 12 km from the present coast. Excavations between 2014 and 2018 recovered 33 perforated marine shells: all but one from Middle Stone Age layer 4c, the other from layer 4a. Most are Tritia gibbosula, with one Columbella rustica. Layer 4c also contains stone tools, ash and…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-001:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Cave carbonate and tooth; shell age inferred from stratigraphy.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-001:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "≥142 ka; minimum, contested",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-001:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "U-series / luminescence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-001:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Shell ornaments at Bizmoune Cave · featured claim: inferred",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-001:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "The carbonate association must survive the disagreement with luminescence results.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-001:trace",
          "to": "DHP-001:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-001:context",
          "to": "DHP-001:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-001:date",
          "to": "DHP-001:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-001:context",
          "to": "DHP-001:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-001:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-001:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Sehasseh et al., *Science Advances* 7, eabi8620 (2021)",
          "url": "https://www.science.org/doi/pdf/10.1126/sciadv.abi8620?download=true",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-002",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-002/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-002:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "A southern Cape cave in South Africa with several Middle Stone Age occupation phases. We treat three findings as related research questions but separate pieces of evidence: (a) two abalone shells with a prepared ochre-rich mixture and associated grinding/processing materials from a roughly 100 ka context; (b) deliberately incised ochre…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-002:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Quartz in occupation sediments; not the marks themselves.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-002:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "100–75 ka engraved-ochre contexts",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-002:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Luminescence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-002:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Ochre work and marks at Blombos Cave · featured claim: inferred",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-002:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Several phases and kinds of find must not be treated as one event.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-002:trace",
          "to": "DHP-002:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-002:context",
          "to": "DHP-002:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-002:date",
          "to": "DHP-002:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-002:context",
          "to": "DHP-002:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-002:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-002:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Henshilwood et al., ochre processing, *Science* 334 (2011)",
          "url": "https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/kip_articles/15/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Henshilwood et al., engraved ochres, *Journal of Human Evolution* 57 (2009)",
          "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19487016/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Henshilwood et al., drawing, *Nature* 562 (2018)",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0514-3",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Jacobs, Duller and Wintle, *Journal of Human Evolution* 51 (2006)",
          "url": "https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/kip_articles/2106/",
          "supports": "What was dated."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-003",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-003/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-003:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "A ceiling panel in Leang Karampuang cave in South Sulawesi, Indonesia, documented in a poor state of preservation. The researchers identify a large painted pig and three human-like figures positioned as if interacting with it. Some details have been lost through exfoliation. The specific action depicted is unclear; the authors explicitly…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-003:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Calcite over a painted figure; not pigment.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-003:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "≥51.2 ka; minimum painting age",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-003:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "U-series",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-003:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "The Leang Karampuang composition · featured claim: dated",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-003:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "The mineral supplies a minimum, and the unity of the scene remains an interpretation.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-003:trace",
          "to": "DHP-003:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-003:context",
          "to": "DHP-003:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-003:date",
          "to": "DHP-003:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-003:context",
          "to": "DHP-003:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-003:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-003:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Oktaviana et al., *Nature* 631 (2024)",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11269172/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "2026 primary study of Liang Metanduno on Muna Island",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-025-09968-y",
          "supports": "Revision note."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-004",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-004/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-004:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "A Pre-Pottery Neolithic mound near Şanlıurfa in southeastern Türkiye, with carved T-shaped pillars, large round or oval “special buildings,” and smaller structures. The German Archaeological Institute (DAI) currently describes the site as a settlement with a pronounced ritual component. Its project overview gives an approximate span from…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-004:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Organic remains in plaster and building fills.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-004:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "c. 9600–8000 BCE",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-004:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Radiocarbon",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-004:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Architecture and occupation at Göbekli Tepe · featured claim: inferred",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-004:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "A fill date may postdate construction; the site span does not date every pillar.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-004:trace",
          "to": "DHP-004:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-004:context",
          "to": "DHP-004:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-004:date",
          "to": "DHP-004:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-004:context",
          "to": "DHP-004:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-004:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-004:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "DAI project overview",
          "url": "https://www.dainst.org/en/research/projects/noslug/5746",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Gresky and colleagues, *PLOS One* (2026)",
          "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0358979",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "dating explanation",
          "url": "https://www.dainst.blog/the-tepe-telegrams/faq/",
          "supports": "What was dated."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-005",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-005/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-005:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "Offshore from the Isle of Wight in the western Solent, England, archaeological material survives at several underwater loci, around 11 m below the modern water surface in the investigated area. At BC-II, excavators recovered worked flint from an eroding former land surface. At BC-V, they documented burnt flints, charcoal, worked wood, a…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-005:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Root and wood samples in a stratigraphically ordered model.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-005:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "6150–6010 cal BCE; 95% interval",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-005:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Radiocarbon",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-005:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "The drowned landscape at Bouldnor Cliff · featured claim: inferred",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-005:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "This interval dates the modeled end of one feature, not every timber.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-005:trace",
          "to": "DHP-005:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-005:context",
          "to": "DHP-005:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-005:date",
          "to": "DHP-005:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-005:context",
          "to": "DHP-005:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-005:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-005:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Momber et al., *Mesolithic Occupation at Bouldnor Cliff and the Submerged Prehistoric Landscapes of the Solent* (2011)",
          "url": "https://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-281-1/dissemination/pdf/RR164_Mesolithic_Occupation_at_Bouldnor_Cliff.pdf",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Maritime Archaeology Trust project page",
          "url": "https://maritimearchaeologytrust.org/projects-research/bouldnor-cliff/",
          "supports": "Place and context."
        },
        {
          "label": "Historic England tree-ring and radiocarbon report",
          "url": "https://historicengland.org.uk/research/results/reports/73-2015",
          "supports": "What was dated."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-006",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-006/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-006:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "Madjedbebe is a rock shelter on Mirarr land in northern Australia. Excavations found stone artifacts and pigments in deep occupation bands. The research was conducted through an agreement with the Gundjeihmi Aboriginal Corporation representing Mirarr Traditional Owners. Their account of the collaboration is part of the source record.…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-006:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Sand grains; stratigraphy links sediment age to artifacts.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-006:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "c. 65 ±5 ka; contested",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-006:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Luminescence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-006:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Madjedbebe, northern Australia · featured claim: contested",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-006:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Mixing could move artifacts into older sediment. Refits and sediment studies test that possibility.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-006:trace",
          "to": "DHP-006:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-006:context",
          "to": "DHP-006:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-006:date",
          "to": "DHP-006:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-006:context",
          "to": "DHP-006:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-006:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-006:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "account of the collaboration",
          "url": "https://www.mirarr.net/stories/kakadu-site-of-australia-s-oldest-home",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Clarkson and colleagues, *Nature* (2017)",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/nature22968",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "plant study",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7026095/",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "grinding-stone study",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9273753/",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Williams et al., *Geoarchaeology* (2021)",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/gea.21822",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        },
        {
          "label": "Allen and O'Connell, *Archaeology in Oceania* (2025)",
          "url": "https://doi.org/10.1002/arco.70002",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        },
        {
          "label": "later Madjedbebe publication",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9273753/",
          "supports": "Next test and care."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-007",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-007/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-007:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "Human trackways occur on former lake and wetland surfaces at White Sands National Park, New Mexico. The footprints themselves are physical evidence of people walking across those surfaces. The key question is their age, rather than whether a stone-tool type has been correctly…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-007:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Aquatic seeds, terrestrial pollen, quartz and wetland mud.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-007:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "23.5–21.7 ka; footprint sequence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-007:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Radiocarbon / luminescence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-007:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "White Sands footprints, North America · featured claim: dated",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-007:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Independent materials address the aquatic reservoir concern; they date associated deposits.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-007:trace",
          "to": "DHP-007:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-007:context",
          "to": "DHP-007:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-007:date",
          "to": "DHP-007:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-007:context",
          "to": "DHP-007:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-007:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-007:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "2023 independent dating study",
          "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70249447",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        },
        {
          "label": "2025 paleolake study",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC12175891/",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        },
        {
          "label": "2026 study",
          "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70283320",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-008",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-008/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-008:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "Ohalo II was a lakeside hunter-gatherer camp at the Sea of Galilee (Lake Kinneret). Waterlogging preserved an exceptional quantity of plants. Snir and colleagues, PLOS One (2015) examined approximately 150,000 plant remains, identifying more than 140 gathered species, wild cereals, species that thrive in disturbed ground, and evidence…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-008:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Charcoal and occupation material; not each seed.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-008:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "c. 23 ka; uncertainty not quantified here",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-008:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Radiocarbon",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-008:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Plant use at Ohalo II · featured claim: inferred",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-008:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Gathering, disposal and disturbance can mimic cultivation. Plant use does not demonstrate domestication.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-008:trace",
          "to": "DHP-008:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-008:context",
          "to": "DHP-008:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-008:date",
          "to": "DHP-008:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-008:context",
          "to": "DHP-008:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-008:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-008:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Snir and colleagues, *PLOS One* (2015)",
          "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0131422",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Nadel, Carmi and Segal, *Journal of Archaeological Science* (1995)",
          "url": "https://cris.haifa.ac.il/en/publications/radiocarbon-dating-of-ohalo-ii-archaeological-and-methodological-/",
          "supports": "Dated material and method."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-009",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-009/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-009:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "At Cape Bruguieres Channel in Murujuga, northwestern Australia, divers mapped hundreds of stone artifacts in a shallow channel. The 2020 project paper interprets much of the assemblage as remaining on a land surface submerged by postglacial sea-level rise. The Deep History of Sea Country project was undertaken with the approval of the…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-009:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Inundation model; the stone artifacts were not directly dated.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-009:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "≥c. 7 ka only if pre-inundation",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-009:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Landscape association",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-009:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Cape Bruguieres underwater lithics · featured claim: contested",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-009:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Hydrodynamic reworking could invalidate the proposed minimum age.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-009:trace",
          "to": "DHP-009:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-009:context",
          "to": "DHP-009:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-009:date",
          "to": "DHP-009:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-009:context",
          "to": "DHP-009:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-009:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-009:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "2020 project paper",
          "url": "https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0233912",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        },
        {
          "label": "Larcombe, Ross and Fandry, *Geomorphology* (2025)",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X2400446X",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        },
        {
          "label": "responded in *Geomorphology* (2026)",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X25004635",
          "supports": "Interpretations and alternatives."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-010",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-010/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-010:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "Ngarrindjeri peoples of South Australia tell narratives of the ancestral being Ngurunderi. A 2024 study coauthored by the Ngarrindjeri Aboriginal Corporation and Ngarrindjeri scholar Christopher Wilson compares several narrative elements with independently reconstructed coastal changes: the Younghusband Peninsula, islands near the…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-010:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Independent coastal and geological reconstructions.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-010:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "6.8–10.4 ka proposed landscape events",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-010:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Landscape association",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-010:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Ngurunderi, narrative and coastal change · featured claim: hypothesis",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-010:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Event ages are not direct dates of a narrative or its transmission.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-010:trace",
          "to": "DHP-010:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-010:context",
          "to": "DHP-010:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-010:date",
          "to": "DHP-010:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-010:context",
          "to": "DHP-010:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-010:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-010:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "2024 study coauthored by the Ngarrindjeri Aboriginal Corporation and Ngarrindjeri scholar Christopher Wilson",
          "url": "https://digital.library.adelaide.edu.au/items/06866be7-0e4c-4a67-986d-0fb7a9033820",
          "supports": "Observation and setting."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-011",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-011/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-011:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "The original investigations reported worked wood, stakes, organic remains, stone artifacts, and plant and marine material in a waterlogged setting. A study of nine marine-algae species from hearths and other features reported direct radiocarbon dates for algae of about 14,220–13,980 cal BP. This is narrower and younger than the often…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-011:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Algae and new sediment/organic chronologies in competing contextual models.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-011:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "14,220–13,980 cal BP algae; competing 8.2–4.2 ka deposits",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-011:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Radiocarbon / luminescence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-011:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Monte Verde II, southern Chile · featured claim: contested",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-011:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Redeposition and tephra correlation are disputed. Neither interval is a consensus occupation age.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-011:trace",
          "to": "DHP-011:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-011:context",
          "to": "DHP-011:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-011:date",
          "to": "DHP-011:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-011:context",
          "to": "DHP-011:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-011:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-011:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Dillehay et al., *Science* (2008)",
          "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18467586/",
          "supports": "Observation."
        },
        {
          "label": "Surovell et al., *Science* (2026)",
          "url": "https://pubs.usgs.gov/publication/70279099",
          "supports": "Chronological dispute."
        },
        {
          "label": "Dillehay et al., response (2026)",
          "url": "https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/20555563.2026.2699017",
          "supports": "Chronological dispute."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-012",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-012/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-012:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "Pottery fragments were recovered from cave layers in Jiangxi, China. The excavators analyzed the stratigraphy at microscopic scale and dated associated charcoal and bone. They report contexts with early pottery at 20,000–19,000 cal BP, long before local agriculture. Wu et al., Science (2012); Cohen and colleagues, archaeological…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-012:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Charcoal and bone associated with pottery.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-012:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "20–19 ka cal BP; contested in detail",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-012:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Radiocarbon",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-012:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Pottery at Xianrendong Cave, East Asia · featured claim: contested",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-012:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "A sample-to-layer-to-sherd chain is needed; the sherds themselves were not directly dated.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-012:trace",
          "to": "DHP-012:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-012:context",
          "to": "DHP-012:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-012:date",
          "to": "DHP-012:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-012:context",
          "to": "DHP-012:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-012:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-012:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Wu et al., *Science* (2012)",
          "url": "https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22745428/",
          "supports": "Observation."
        },
        {
          "label": "Cohen and colleagues, archaeological reassessment (2017)",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216306577",
          "supports": "Observation."
        },
        {
          "label": "comparative radiocarbon analysis",
          "url": "https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1040618216302567",
          "supports": "Dated material and dispute."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-013",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-013/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-013:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "At a Kenyan cave, excavators documented a pit containing the partial skeleton of a child estimated to have died around age 2½–3. The body lay flexed; bone articulation, decomposition traces, and microscopic analysis of pit and surrounding sediment support deliberate interment. Martínón-Torres et al., Nature…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-013:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Sediments in the burial sequence.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-013:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "78.3 ±4.1 ka; modeled sequence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-013:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Luminescence",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-013:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "A child's burial at Panga ya Saidi, East Africa · featured claim: inferred",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-013:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Articulation and microstratigraphy support burial; no date or bone establishes a specific belief.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-013:trace",
          "to": "DHP-013:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-013:context",
          "to": "DHP-013:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-013:date",
          "to": "DHP-013:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-013:context",
          "to": "DHP-013:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-013:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-013:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Martínón-Torres et al., *Nature* (2021)",
          "url": "https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-021-03457-8.pdf",
          "supports": "Observation."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-014",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-014/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-014:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "Excavations in Kenya's Olorgesailie Basin document prepared stone cores and points, worked iron-rich red pigment, and raw material transported at least 25–50 km. The investigated Middle Stone Age sites are placed around 320–295 ka by argon-argon and uranium-series dating of geological contexts. Brooks et al., Science…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-014:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Geological contexts around Middle Stone Age occupations.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-014:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "320–295 ka; site contexts",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-014:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Argon-argon / U-series",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-014:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "Pigment and stone movement at Olorgesailie, East Africa · featured claim: inferred",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-014:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Nonlocal stone establishes movement, but direct procurement and exchange remain alternatives.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-014:trace",
          "to": "DHP-014:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-014:context",
          "to": "DHP-014:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-014:date",
          "to": "DHP-014:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-014:context",
          "to": "DHP-014:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-014:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-014:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Brooks et al., *Science* (2018)",
          "url": "https://profiles.si.edu/display/sro_146005",
          "supports": "Observation."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    },
    {
      "case_id": "DHP-015",
      "source_record": "/case/dhp-015/",
      "nodes": [
        {
          "id": "DHP-015:trace",
          "label": "Observed trace",
          "text": "A human femur from western Siberia was directly radiocarbon dated to roughly 45 ka and sequenced at high coverage. The researchers identified Neanderthal-derived genomic segments that were longer on average than in many living people. From their lengths, they estimated gene flow into ancestors of this individual roughly 7,000–13,000…",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-015:context",
          "label": "Dated material / association",
          "text": "Directly dated femur; genome used for admixture modeling.",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-015:date",
          "label": "Reported date constraint",
          "text": "c. 45 ka; uncertainty not quantified here",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-015:method",
          "label": "Dating method",
          "text": "Radiocarbon / genomic",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-015:interpretation",
          "label": "Interpretation under review",
          "text": "The Ust’-Ishim genome · featured claim: dated",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "id": "DHP-015:alternative",
          "label": "Limitation / competing explanation",
          "text": "Recombination and generation assumptions affect admixture timing. DNA does not recover mythology.",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "edges": [
        {
          "from": "DHP-015:trace",
          "to": "DHP-015:context",
          "relation": "contextual association",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-015:context",
          "to": "DHP-015:date",
          "relation": "dating constraint on material",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-015:date",
          "to": "DHP-015:method",
          "relation": "reported method",
          "kind": "observed"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-015:context",
          "to": "DHP-015:interpretation",
          "relation": "supports evaluation",
          "kind": "inference"
        },
        {
          "from": "DHP-015:interpretation",
          "to": "DHP-015:alternative",
          "relation": "challenged or limited by",
          "kind": "proposal"
        }
      ],
      "publications": [
        {
          "label": "Fu et al., *Nature* (2014)",
          "url": "https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4753769/",
          "supports": "Observation and dating."
        }
      ],
      "missing_fields": [
        "sample identifiers",
        "calibration curve/version",
        "individual laboratory errors",
        "claim-specific support assessment"
      ]
    }
  ]
}